Today, globalization can be understood as the interdependence of technology, institutions, means of production and finance, goods, people, and economic flows, transcending traditional borders and political boundaries. As transnational connections, platformization of spaces, and interdependencies strengthen, although sometimes conflictually and with significant inequalities for certain parts of the population such as migrants, the sovereignty of nation-states, though still formally and legally recognized, is weakening in its nomos.

In this context, Filippo Bignami aims to challenge the binary distinction between the physical and the virtual, exploring how the tension between the online and offline worlds is increasingly blurred. This multiplication of interactions is particularly evident in urban spaces, where new, informal borders emerge beyond the established formal ones. Zoning regulations, privatization of public spaces, unequal access to services, differential inclusion and exclusion of specific populations, disparities in wealth and infrastructure, and workers commuting patterns all exemplify the proliferation of borders beyond formal spatial delineations. This transformation, which sometimes damages weaker sections of the urban population such as migrants typically are, provides a critical opportunity to reconsider the definition of evolving dimensions of citizenship.